Inter-organizational Cooperation Essay

The fundamental principle of a resonance inter-organizational cooperation is that an agency must give up something in order to get something else in return. The cooperation of local or international organizational is fostered to ensure that both organization benefit from each other. The inter-organizational attraction brought about by trust plays a big role in helping such collaborations to achieve their goals. Paying much attention on developing leadership styles that will promote effectual and collaborative value chains through building of a closer relationship which comprises of trust, commitment, cooperation, and coordination needed between organization members guarantees success of the alliance. Inter-organizational cooperation has continued focusing on leadership as the key for its success. A clear leadership of a focal organization accounts for a stable alliance by guaranteeing legitimacy and authority within the alliance. Effective leadership helps to deal with social, economic and environmental concerns within the inter-organization (Ebers, 1999). In addition, the inter-organization cooperation are increasingly focusing on leadership so as to ensure coordination by merging resources to achieve new things and address common issues through group decision making. Consequently, the leadership behavior of adapting to the competitive global environment through inter-organizational cooperation rather than competing in an adversarial manner ensures survival of the collaboration. This can be attained through impacting leaders with supply chain management skills so that they may be able to establish and maintain effective inter-organizational networks. Proper investment in leaders will ensure that the desired business results are met given that leaders will facilitate an open exchange of proposals which will foster collaboration. Examples include; Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), International Labor Organization (ILO) and Consortia and Enduring Construction firms in the U. S.

Later Adulthood Development Report Essay

Aging occurs in every stage of life, and as adults grow older and move from one stage of adulthood to the next many new changes can occur in their everyday lives. The transition from middle adulthood to later adulthood can bring a whole new level of changes to an individual’s life. The aging process includes changes in roles and social positions, considering living accommodations with health care needs, transitioning from work life to retirement, changes in social policies, and changes in relationships with family members and peers. As aging occurs individuals notice a numerous amount of changes in their lives. Some of those changes occur in their roles and social positions. As an individual ages they may begin to notice both physical and mental changes that decrease their ability to carry out activities in their daily routines. An individual who was once the leader of company meetings may notice that they are no longer able to hear or see things as well as they were before, and they may not be able to process their thoughts as quickly. They might also notice a delay in their reaction time. While some people may assume it is because of a medical issue, it could just be because of aging. As aging continues throughout later adulthood individuals may also notice changes in their physical appearances such as loose or wrinkly skin and a decrease in muscle tone. Throughout life individuals may decide to move from one place to another to experience what it is like to live in a new place. As individuals age their health starts to decline, and in some cases, some families have to make the decision to put their loved ones in a nursing home or hire a nursing staff to do home visits. When the health of a loved one becomes an issue family members have to make sure they are getting the  proper care they need to ensure their loved ones are safe and their health needs are being met. Some elderly individuals are able to go through life and not need any type of assistance caring for themselves, but some individuals get sick and cannot properly take care of themselves any longer. Alzheimer’s and Dementia are two of the worst diseases an individual can develop as they age. Once Alzheimer’s or Dementia really set in the individual start to forget life as they previously knew it. They no longer recognize their family or friends and have a hard time remembering anything about their lives. According to the Alzheimer’s Association there are three stages to Alzheimer’s disease, the early, middle, and late stages. In the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease an individual may still function as well as they did before they knew they had the disease, â€Å"He or she may still drive, work, and be a part of social activities† (Alzheimer’s Association, 2015). According to the Alzheimer’s Association, â€Å"The middle stages of Alzheimer’s are typically the longest and can last for many years†. The third, and final stage of Alzheimer’s, the late stages, according to the Alzheimer’s Association, â€Å"may last for several weeks or several years and requires intense are the clock care†. As Alzheimer’s progresses the individual may experience symptoms such as; anger, anxiety, depression, hallucinations, memory loss, confusion, repetition, and physical discomfort. As Alzheimer’s slowly starts to take over the individual it becomes harder and harder for both the individual and the family to deal with the changes that are occurring. That is why it is so important to make sure there is a trained medical professional on site at all times to care and comfort the individual dealing with the disease. The transition from working life to retirement can be a difficult process for some adults as they struggle to accept the changes that will occur in their lifestyle. But, on the other hand, retirement can also be an enjoyable time for some adults as they see it as an opportunity to do things they love without having to worry about work interfering with their plans. Some aging adults have a hard time coping with the thought of retirement because of the drastic change in income and they do not know what to do with  all the extra time they will have throughout the day. While the changes in income between a weekly or biweekly paycheck greatly differ from their previous profession and the amount of money received through social security, most employers offer a 401K savings plan to help with retirement and life after working. Social policies were put in tact to ensure that anyone in need is able to have their needs met. These needs can include medical, nutritional, and income needs. The government has funded programs such as food stamps to help families all over the country provide food for their families. Other government programs such as Medicaid and Medicare are intact to help cover medical expenses for people who cannot afford health or dental insurance. When it comes to the elderly, social programs such as Social Security and the Older Americans Act were put intact to ensure the elderly (anyone aged sixty five or older) are able to financially support themselves. Social policies are a great way to ensure individuals are properly taken care of and are able to support themselves. Family is forever, and nobody should ever feel as if they have to go through life alone. As we age it is important to remember how important our family and friends really are to us. We spend our whole lives searching for someone to spend the rest of our lives with and to build a family with, but as we age and people in our families start to die people begin to feel lonely. Losing a close family member or even a friend can leave individuals with a feeling of loneliness or even depression, â€Å"Most people seventy years of age or older are widowed, divorced, or single† (Zastrow & Kirst-Ashman, 2010). Grandparents and great- grandparents should never have to feel like they are unimportant or unwanted by their families. As individuals mature and go on with their own lives they should always continue to stay in touch with everyone in their family, but they should especially make sure their grandparents and older family members are healthy and well taken care of. The changes that occur throughout our daily lives are preparing us for the next stage of life. As individuals age they experience new things and learn  new things about themselves. Some people fear aging as they fear they will no longer be able to properly care for themselves any longer, but with the love and support from our families anything is possible. The aging process includes changes in roles and social positions, considering living accommodations with health care needs, transitioning from work life  to retirement, changes in social policies, and changes in relationships with family members and peers. Aging is just one of the many aspects of life that everyone has to deal with, and it is up to us to determine how we want to deal with it and let it affect our everyday life. References: Alzheimer’s Association. The Stages of Alzheimer’s. Retrieved from: http://www.alz.org/living_with_alzheimers_4521.asp U.S Department of Health and Family Services. Caring for Frail Elderly People: Policies in Evolution. Retrieved from: http://aspe.hhs.gov/daltcp/reports/chap14.htm Zastrow, C.H. & Kirst-Ashman, K.K. (2010). Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment (8th Ed.)

BLUE EYES TECHNOLOGY

BLUE EYES TECHNOLOGY Blue eye technology is a technology which is being developed so that the machines get sensational abilities and perceptual abilities just like our human beings. These abilities make the computational machines to understand the feelings of humans and this helps to interact with them. The main aim of this technology is to analyse human brain and understand their physiological conditions. Imagine a world where humans can communicate with their computers. This concept was first developed by a research team in IBM at Almaden Research Center (ARC) in San Jose, California since 1997.This based on the idea of Paul Ekan’s facial expression. The etymology of the term blue eyes goes as blue stands for Bluetooth technology which is wireless and the term eyes are used because it is the only part that helps us in finding the human expressions easily. The main aim of this technology is to provide computers all those human abilities of understanding the feelings of others by just recognizing their facial expressions, and the tone in which they speak so that these machines would interact with human beings very easily. It could understand your feelings even with the touch of the mouse. For example, if you are really tensed and you want to call your friend; this technology automatically understands the urgency and calls your friend who is working in your office or someone who is very close to you. In short its objective is to provide sessional and perceptual powers to machines to interact with humans and help the in all situations. Hence computer could act as intimate partners to humans. This technology works with the combination of both software and hardware components. Central system unit and the data acquisition unit act as the hardware component. Microcontroller acts as the heart for this technology. Bluetooth technology is used for connecting both hardware and those software units. We could use this type of technology in all working places to understand the emotions humans and to record them. It generally consists of the following units data acquisition unit Central system unit The software unit It is otherwise called as mobile measuring unit. The main objective is to get the physiological information from the sensors and transfer it to central system unit. This is done for processing purposes and for verification too. A Bluetooth is integrated with the DAU is used to send the data to the central system. Both CSU and DAU contains their own pin codes and id numbers for authentication purposes. The components that are used are five-key keyboard, beeper and LCD for displaying purposes. The voice is transferred by using a headset. The next component being used is the CSU. It contains a codec and a Bluetooth module. codec refers to those voices transmitted information. This part is connected to our computers by using a USB cable or a parallel cable. The microcontroller which is present in it handles the UART transmission. The physiological condition of the operators will be continually supervised by this blue eye technology software. The operators real time physiological condition will be respond by the software. It helps to transfer the data from manager to analyzer. The data visualization module supports the user for interface section. It will continually fetch the information from database and record audio, video and physiological parameters of the user if the visualization module is offline. The blue eyes software is mainly enables to know about the physiological condition of the operator. To design a computational machine having sensory and perceptual abilities like human beings, we are using ‘blue eyes technology. This technology uses most modern cameras, microphones and advanced non-obtrusive sensing techniques to interact with humans to understand the emotions of human beings. The process of making sensing and emotional capabilities by computer is called Affective computing. Steps involved for designing this type of computers: Process of giving sensing capacity. Human Emotion detection or Affect Detection. Respond appropriately and properly. Brain computer interface is to develop an adaptable computer system. These types include speech recognition, eye tracking, facial recognition, gesture recognition etc. Blue Eyes technology enables the machines to identify the minor emotional variations of human being by a single touch on keyboard or a mouse. According to the emotion level the machine started react with the user. It is a substitute for usually available machine vision face or eye recognition methods. The glass senses and identifies the expressions by analyzing the facial expressions method. The Simple User Interest Tracker: The SUITOR is having the ability to maintain an intimate relationship between the human and the computer by using the revolutionary approaches towards the machine. It continuously analyze where eyes is focus on the screen. Artificial Intelligent Speech: The working environment should be very important for implementing the Artificial Intelligent Speech Recognition system in Blue Eyes technology. Some important factors that influence the features of speech recognition system they are user’s speech, grammar, noise type, noise level and position of the microphone. This THE BLUE EYES technology assures appropriate techniques. It simplifies the life in a more elegant and user friendly way in computer device. Blue Eyes will reach as your handheld mobile devices in future generations.

Literary Perspectives on New York City History Essay

Literary Perspectives on New York City History - Essay Example This essay takes a look at the literary works of a Frances Trollope, Charles Dickens, George G. Foster and William Dean Howells with a view to presenting an overview of the wide literary perspectives on New York's history. 19th century New York was arguably a city to behold. It might not have been as glamorous as London, but it could compare favorably well with the great cities of the time, and like London compared to Liverpool, or Paris to Rouen, Trollope believes that the New York of the 19th century was the finest city in all the colonies making up America. The beauty of New York City was reported in several historical documents. The elite section of the city was well organized and richly furnished. The opulence that radiated from this section of the city was easily comparable to what was obtainable in both France and England. Though gardens and flowers in front and around houses were not a common culture as was the case then in London and Paris, the elegance of the houses and their decoration was not less enticing. In this regard, Trollope1 writes that: "Every part of their houses is well carpeted, and the exterior finishing, such as steps, railings, and door-frames, are very superior. Almost every house has handsome green blinds on the outside; balconies are not very general, nor do the houses display, externally, so many flowers as those of Paris and London; but I saw many rooms decorated within, exactly like those of an European petite maitresse" Talking about the elegance of the 19th century New York City, one meeting point for most historians was the uniqueness of the area known then as Broadway. Broadway was, reportedly, the major road that cut across the whole New York City and it brought most of the city's business and elites together. Describing Broadway as the 'main artery' of New York City, Dickens2 report that the street was about four miles long, stretching from the Battery Gardens to terminate on the opposite end in a country road. Broadway was a very busy business area and was known for its well polished pavement stone and red brick houses, neat and well organized shops well dressed pedestrians. While Dickens argues that there possibly was no other street as 'sunny as Broadway' referring to the width and space of the street; Trollope writes that for its beauty, organization and businesses, Broadway was comparable to, not only Bond Street, but also Regent Street. 1. Mrs. Trollope Visits New York City In 1832, the English novelist Frances Trollope (1780-1863) published a memoir of her recent travels in the United States. Entitled Domestic Manners of the Americans, it contained the following observations of New York as it was only a few years after the opening of the Erie Canal 2. "A Dickensian View of New York" by Charles Dickens from Charles Dickens, American Notes (1842) Beside the uniqueness of Broadway in the early New York City, one interesting fact that appears to be common to all the historians is that like their counterparts in France and England, the female New Yorker of the 19th century was astoundingly fashionable. This fact was perfectly conveyed in Dickens statement thus: "Heaven save the ladies, how they dress! We have seen more colors in these ten minutes than we should have seen

The Impact of Immigration Law to the HR Field Research Paper

The Impact of Immigration Law to the HR Field - Research Paper Example President Obama’s immigration executive action will lead to significant changes in the wage structure of the US labor market that will demand the attention of HR planners and recruiters for a smooth transition. Various organizations and think tanks interested in the US immigration debate have given their analysis and forecasts on the potential impact of the president’s executive action on the US labor market. According to the Council of Economic Advisors estimates, the executive actions by President Obama are projected to raise the average wages of native-born American citizens by 0.3% (or $170 in today’s dollars) over the coming 10 years. The CAP estimates that wages will increase by an average of 8.5% over the next one year for individuals who will be eligible for new and deferred action (Center for American Progress). These wage gains will be driven by the potential eligibility for work permits, better job matches in the market as well as a reduced probability of being taken advantage of being employers. The FPI, on the other hand, estimates a 5 to 10 percent increase in wages over the next five years for the projected 5 million workers who will be expected to gain work authorization through the president executive's expanded deferred action (Garcia, 2013). The NAID Center approximates that the deferred action on 3.8 million undocumented immigrants could raise labor income by as much as $ 7.1 billion in the order’s first two years of implementation (â€Å"Executive Action†, 2014).

Nuclear Power Must Not be Phased Out Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Nuclear Power Must Not be Phased Out - Essay Example The rest is either exaggerated or purely hypothetical. Despite the claims against it and despite the mass appeal of such claims, nuclear power must NOT be phased out for the simple reason that it is one very sustainable source of energy. Nuclear energy remains sustainable because it is an energy source which is almost free from greenhouse emissions and thus will not likely have a great impact on climate change. Anti-nuclear power activists argue that most of nuclear energy comes in the form of fossil fuels and that this will eventually contribute to the greenhouse effect.1 This stems from the fact that fossil fuels, although not a direct source of nuclear energy, is the energy source upon which various stages of nuclear power production are made possible. In fact, electricity is used for various stages of the nuclear process such as uranium enrichment, the building of power plants, and the processing and storage of nuclear waste. Moreover, the idea is that the goal of nuclear fission is still the production of electricity, which is a major source of greenhouse gases.2 All these are believed to generate a â€Å"relatively high† amount of greenhouse gas emissions.... go to the opposite extreme in claiming that nuclear energy is â€Å"the world’s largest source of emission-free energy,† it would suffice to humbly admit that nuclear energy still contributes to the greenhouse effect, but the point is that what it contributes is statistically negligible. Aside from the insignificant amount of emissions from nuclear energy, its sustainability also depends on the idea that its waste products are relatively manageable. Nuclear waste is something that remains dangerous even for thousands of years and that there is always a possibility of contaminating huge areas. Furthermore, it is a cold hard fact that â€Å"there is no completely safe way to store nuclear waste.†6 Moreover, there is no guarantee that research on nuclear waste management will turn out to be successful.7 Admittedly, the issue of nuclear waste disposal is a strong argument against the sustainability of nuclear energy. Nevertheless, the volumes of wastes from fossil fu els are relatively much greater in quantity compared to those produced by nuclear power plants and thus, potential environmental damage is greatly reduced.8 Volume of wastes produced may be a minor issue in the environmental sustainability of nuclear energy but it is not as important compared to the factor of waste management. It may be true that nuclear wastes proves to be a threat to the environment but the nuclear technical community is rather more optimistic in believing that nuclear wastes can be contained or isolated safely until radioactivity cannot anymore harm humans or the environment.9 The solution is research and as of the moment, efforts are being made by governments in order to minimize emissions such as nitrogen oxides and particulate matter.10 The issue of nuclear waste disposal, therefore,

Developing Countries and Deflation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Developing Countries and Deflation - Essay Example A year after Roach's controversial report, Goldman and Sachs published a Global Economics paper entitled "Dreaming with BRICs: The Path to 2050". In this report, the authors surmised that given the 'right' growth conditions and a lot of luck, four of the biggest developing countries namely Brazil, Russia, India and China (thus forming the BRIC acronym) could become the largest economic force in the world in 50 years possibly even surpassing the G6 economies (US, Japan, UK, France, Italy and Germany). Like China, the economies of Brazil, Russia and India have influenced the decline of consumer prices in the world. If there is any empirical basis on the notion of China's alleged spread of deflation, would it not be reasonable to suggest that the rest of the BRICs could have the same effect on the world's economy This paper aims to examine if such generalization regarding deflation shifting could indeed be applied to all of the BRICs as the world's largest developing countries. ... ntinuously as determined by aggregate measures such as the Consumer Price Index (CPI) or the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) deflator (Kumar et al, 2003). In such a case, economic activity and consumer spending are significantly reduced, which in turn cause a decline in prices, profits, trade, employment and productivity in general (Guardian Unlimited, 2006). The decline in price levels could either be due to a demand shock (a significant fall in the demand of goods and services) or a supply shock (significant increase in outputs while demands remain constant). In case of the former, a vicious cycle of declining asset prices, rigid financial policies and reduced nominal interest rates are likely to result. The situation could become more problematic if the expectation for even lower prices prompt consumers to postpone their spending. An extreme effect of this would be companies going out of business or severely cutting down on labor and production due severe inability to sell their good s or services, realize revenues and/or pay off outstanding loans. This perpetuates an even lower demand for goods and further decline in prices. Supply shocks, on the other hand, can result from more 'positive' events such as technological advancements, trade liberalization gains, productivity growth and strengthened confidence in the long-term effects of perceived political and economic stability. Under such circumstances, deflation could not be as costly as that in the demand shock effect since the price decline could only be a manifestation of temporary adjustment to a new equilibrium brought about by external, productivity-enhancing changes, e.g., IT revolution and deregulation, (Kumar et al, 2003). Deflation in history There are two periods in history when deflation occurred in

Definition of a princess or anything else Essay

Definition of a princess or anything else - Essay Example d person just because you haven’t ever had to earn a living and even if you would have then all you would’ve done is, buy the entire Macy’s clothes collection just because to get an opportunity to look down on everybody else...’’ While it is true that I enjoy manicures, pedicures and saloon hair treatments once every forty days but it doesn’t make me a spoiled spendthrift or even a snob and it is also true that I work at the local Hospital as a certified Nurses Assistant where I’m dedicated to taking care of my patients, my patients regard me as a friendly Nurses Assistant. I am a person that enjoys helping out people in every possible way. I would do almost anything to make the lives of others better. I enjoy working for the betterment of the health care profession and that is the reason, why I have been doing it for the past twenty years and I work hard and put my best foot forward to accomplish the best for my patients. Due to my love and kindness for mankind, I’m sure that I would help anybody regardless of caste, creed and color. Therefore, I’m a kind hearted and a hard working person and not a spoiled snob. I’m from a small North Dakota town, and I made my way to Grand Forks after graduating from high school, and in order to feed my family and to save money for college I had to become a conservative person. I was earning more than any girl my age and was not only supporting my family but also saving money for college. Later I continued my education to pursue a career as a Licensed Practical Nurse. This means that I have the patience and heart to take care of other people other than myself. It also means that I have the will to devote my life for the betterment of others. For me, my patients come first and this is very different from the idea of a snob, therefore I’m hardly a cold hearted person who looks down on others. Another reason, why people usually stereotype me is because of my aristocratic looks and ice blonde hair. My good

Career Counseling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Career Counseling - Essay Example The authors utilized the questionnaire survey method by distributing career choice questionnaires in 1993 during a business meeting organized by the Organization of Student Representatives (OSR). The respondents comprised of 114 OSR members of diverse nationalities who pursued varied undergraduate degrees. The findings revealed that the following factors were influential in the students’ career choice: (1) parental support; and (2) previous health care orientation and experience. In addition, more than â€Å"97% of the respondents felt that medical schools should help medical students who are undecided about their medical specialty choices† (Hesser, Mehaffey & Thompson, 1995, 1). The authors averred that the respondents emphasized that their medical schools failed to provide assistance in choosing a medical specialty due to the following reasons: (1) lack of neither facilitators nor organized career support services; (2) have trained facilitators but not consistent in the provision of career support services; and (3) have both facilitators and support services but failed to announce public schedules as needed. As a result, the authors contended that future research could look into focusing not only on training appropriate facilitators and organizing career support services, but more so on strategies of publicizing these services accordingly. They concluded by stating that medical students, on their own determined initiatives, must â€Å"not give up until they have found them!† (Hesser, Mehaffey & Thompson, 1995, 1). The information relayed in the article is relevant in terms of making students aware that various endeavors and educational institutions must actively pursue career counseling services to guide students in the direction of their career path. Despite one’s determination to pursue a particular career, developments in

Leadership Styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Leadership Styles - Essay Example Visionary leadership has a direct impact on psychological well-being of nursing homes residents. Visionary leadership style demands the directors be assertive and persistent while dealing with nursing homes employees. Visionary leadership insists on performance and implementation of action plans. This entails having quality performance development discussions (OReilly & Caldwell, 2010). The director of nursing and social services must have a clear image of the developments that affect nursing home residents positively. Directors of nursing and social services must demonstrate professional development and delegation of assignments. For nursing homes residents to get maximum psychosocial services, employees must be empowered to work independently (Weberg, 2010). Leadership must train employees and attendants on how to develop confidence and expertise while offering psychosocial nursing services. Common instructions are vital in coaching naive nurses (Kenmore, 2008). Coaching junior nurses and attendants in nursing homes is a reflection of leadership (Kuokkanen & Leino-Kilpi, 2001). The director of nursing must inspire and coach other workers through excellent coordination and restructuring of work units (Laschinger & Wilk, 2009). Coaching enables nurses to work independently within their bounds. Nursing homes demands motivated and passionate experts. Commanding leadership style is characterized by control and compliancy. This style of leadership is vital in nursing homes because it motivates nurses to operate with clear guidelines and directions. This enhances the delivery of resources to the residents in the nursing homes (Kenmore, 2008). Employees are expected to obey the orders (Reynolds & Rogers, 2003). This leadership style demands that director of nursing to enquire the opinions of nursing home attendants. The style is perceived to be authoritarian, inflexible and extremely hierarchical (Morjikian & Kimball, 2007). The style is vital although it is being

The Buying decision process Essay Example for Free

The Buying decision process Essay Consumer behavior is term used to describe the manner of how an individual buys and assesses a product or service. It also includes the internal or the mental processes and external or social processes that might affect the individual’s conduct (Consumer Behavior 2008). Figure 1. The Buying Decision Process Source: Bowens, Kotler Makens (2003) Purchasing products like buying grocery supplies seems like a mundane activity but a buyer actually foes through several stages of decision making before eventually making the purchase. It will all start with the problem recognition. A problem arises when the current status or condition does not coincide with the preferred one (Marketing Communications 2008). The awareness of this situation can be caused by an internal stimulus, like feeling thirsty and needing to buy a drink, or an external factor, like advertising of a store for a sale (Buyer Behavior 2008). The consumer may or may not continue to the next stage unless there is a strong desire to improve the condition or fulfill the need (Principles of Marketing 2008). Once the consumer decides to fulfill the need, the stage of information search occurs. At this stage the consumer seeks out options to be able to solve the problem at hand. It involves internal and external types. Internal search usually occurs with frequently bought items. The consumer just simple remembers past positive experience with the product (Principles of Marketing 2008). The weakness of this type is when the information stored in the memory is limited or the person is having a hard time remembering, the risk of making an incorrect decision is most likely (Consumer Behavior 2008). On the other hand, the sources for the external types are personal sources like relatives and friends, public sources like reports, commercial sources like ads and lastly experiential sources acquire through experiencing the product (Buyer Behavior 2008). The challenge for any marketing team is to identify how their target audience source product information. After which make sure that the information is always available and can be easily accessed (Principles of Marketing 2008). The information obtained during the second stage will then be evaluated in the alternative evaluation stage. The information will be put into set of options or evoked set (Consumer Decision Process 2008). The evoked set is the set of brands a consumer consider while in the decision process (Marketing Communications 2008). From the second stage the consumer acquired the criteria he/she is looking for and got the brand names that meet those criteria (Consumer Behavior 2008). This process limits the choices for the consumer, making it easier for them to make the final decision of purchasing the product or getting the service. The fourth stage of the process, purchase decision, now involves the actual purchase of the product. Since the consumer now knows what to buy in this stage, he decides where, when and how to purchase the product of choice (Marketing Communications 2008). During this process, three methods of purchase may be used by the consumer: fully-planned, partially planned, and unplanned. Fully-planned purchases are purchases where the customer picks out the merchandise and brand ahead of time. This method is usually used with high risk purchases like buying a house or car. In partial purchase there is a plan to buy a product but to what specific brand is decided later on. Finally, an unplanned purchase is a spur of the moment acquisition (Consumer Decision Process 2008). Although the consumer is already thinking of buying a product, this could still be altered at the point of purchase itself. Factors that could affect it are the store surroundings, time constraint, incentives offered in the store like a sale, product availability, and budget constraint. It is then important for the seller to make sure that these events are anticipated and avoided (Principles of Marketing 2008). Stores could make sure that the stocks are sufficient, the store is clean and the personnel are trained to provide good shopping experience, promotions like sales are position at the right moment, and that products are well organized and can be easily found. Following the purchase will be the consumption of the product and the consumer will enter the last stage of the process which is post-purchase evaluation. In this stage, the consumer will assess if the purchase solved the problem identified in the first stage. He/she will determine if satisfaction was provided by the action (Consumer Behavior 2008). Otherwise, the customer will feel cognitive dissonance, which is an unpleasant feeling or tension produced by thinking about two conflicting ideas. This is a state where the consumer stresses on the thought that the other choice should have been selected (Buyer Behavior 2008). Cognitive dissonance could result to product returns, viewing the product in a negative way or not considering the product as part of the evoked set in the future (Principles of Marketing 2008). Companies can prevent this situation by providing good after sale service to customers. For example. free technical support to electronic device like computers. Other methods are follow-up calls and market research. As shown above the decision making process of consumers is actually a complex process that involves many steps and could be influenced by different factors. The whole process could take a few minutes for simple purchases but could take weeks for important purchases. It is then a good tool for businesses to understand what happens in each stage to be able to present their product favorably to the consumer.

Savings and Loans Crisis Essay Example for Free

Savings and Loans Crisis Essay INTRODUCTION In the 1980’s, the savings and loan (SL) industry was in turmoil with the watershed event of this being the implementation of price fixing legislation in favour of home ownership in the 1930’s. Even though it was the basis of the crisis, the trigger lies in more fundamental concepts, including fiscal policy, mismanagement of assets and liabilities, pure imprudence by SL institutions, brokered deposits and the cyclicality of the regulation/deregulation process and this was fuelled by economic reactions such as inflation. It would be ‘unfair’ to attribute it to only one factor. Therefore, to properly investigate the crisis and with a view of having all round perspective of the crisis, this report will discuss this financial disaster’s main causes. The impact of the crisis was borne mostly by the SL industry, the savings and commercial banks in the US and more generally, the US economy. This report will further cover the corrective measures undertaken by regulators and the government with the aim of saving the SL sector as the number of institutions with worsening financial conditions steeply increased. The consequences of this crisis persisted until the early 1990’s and this long term effect is understood by analysing the regulations enacted in the aftermath of the crisis. The main turning point has been the enactment of the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act in 1989. Finally, there are essential lessons to be learned from the SL crisis, not only for the SL institutions, but also the banking industry, regulators and the government. CAUSES In the 1930s the SL industry was a conservative residential mortgage sector surrounded by legislation put in place during that period to promote home ownership. At the same time it has its own regulator which is the federal savings and home loan banking loan, and its own insurance firm to insure deposits at SL institutions. However the regulatory and interest rate environment started to change dramatically as from the 1960s when congress applied the Regulation Q to the SL industry by putting a ceiling on the interest rate that SLs can pay to depositors. The purpose was to help thrift institutions to extend interest rate ceiling to them in order to reduce their cost of liabilities and protect them from deposit rate wars since there were inflationary pressures in the middle till late 1960s. Regulation Q was price fixing, and in trying to fix the prices, Regulation Q caused distortion where the costs outweigh any benefits it may have offered. Regulation Q created a cross subsidy, passed from saver to home buyer, that allowed SLs to hold down their interest costs and thereby continue to earn, for a few more years, an apparently adequate interest margin on the fixed-rate mortgages they had at that recent past years. The problem was that the SL industry was not competing effectively for funds with commercial banks and securities market leading to large things in the amount of money available for mortgage lending. The ceiling on interest rate that SL could offer to depositors as per the Regulation Q led dampening of competition for depositors funds between bank and SL. But as new money market funds began to compete fiercely during the 1970s for depositors’ money by offering interest rates set by the market, SLs suffered significantly withdrawal of deposits during periods of high interest rates. This caused outflows from financial institution into higher yielding investment such as capital market instrument, government securities and money market funds. This process is known as disintermediation. Disintermediation has several undesirable consequences. Most important, it both restricted the availability of credit to consumers and increased its cost, particularly for home mortgages, the same consequences affected small and medium sized businesses that did not have access to the commercial paper market. In additional, because normal cash outlays increased to meet deposit withdrawals while cash inflows decreased as new funds were diverted to alternative investments, disintermediation slowed the growth of financial institutions and caused them liquidity problems. To have the cash available to meet withdrawal demands, banks and thrifts were often forced either to borrow money at above-market interest rates or to sell assets, often at a loss from book value. At the same time, rise in oil prices in 1979 pushed inflation and headline interest rates up. Growing inflation in the 1970s received two huge boosts: the first comprised the late-1973 and 1979 oil shocks from OPEC (the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries). Soaring oil prices compelled most American businesses to raise their prices as well, with inflationary results. The second boost to inflation came in the form of food harvest failures around the world, which created soaring prices on the world food market. Again, U.S. companies that imported food responded with an inflationary rise in their prices. In order to combat the increase in inflation, there was a rise in interest rates to encourage people to save and spend less. The Federal Reserve opted for tightening monetary measures in reaction to inflationary concerns. As a result of the subsequent monetary tightening, interest rates rose abruptly and significantly. Interest rates soared from 9.06% in June 1979 to 15.2% in March 1980. Such drastic change in base rates caused the yield curve to become inverted. The spread between the 10 year Treasury bond and the 3-month T-Bill became negative as seen in the table below reaching 373 basis points in 1980. (http://www.milkeninstitute.org/pdf/InvrtdYieldCurvesRsrchRprt.pdf) The graph below shows the variation of US Treasury three-month T-Bill. The large rise and the volatility of short term interest rates is evident from the graph. (http://www.milkeninstitute.org/pdf/InvrtdYieldCurvesRsrchRprt.pdf) The following 10-year Treasury against the effective Federal Funds Rate spread also illustrates how the yield curve inverted during the SL crisis. (http://www.milkeninstitute.org/pdf/InvrtdYieldCurvesRsrchRprt.pdf) With high volatility of interest rates during these periods, the SL industry failed to tackle the risk inherent in the funding of long term, fixed mortgages by means of short term deposits. In other words, there was a mismatch of asset/liability with a negative gap and rising short term interest rates. Aftermath In the1982’s, to attempt at resuscitating the SL industry, Congress tried to deal with the crisis by enacting the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act in 1980 and the Garn-St Germain Depository Institutions Act in 1982, allowed lower capital requirements, which were based largely on book values rather than more market-value oriented techniques, grossly overstate the health of financial institutions. Regulators relaxed regulatory restrictions by decreasing the net worth requirement from 4% to 3% of total deposits, with additional flexibility of not complying with the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The process of deregulation further included the extension for the period of amortisation of supervisory goodwill and the Bank Board removes the specific limitations for the SL shareholders, changing the minimum 400 shareholders restriction to only one, with no one shareholder or group holding more than 10% and 25% respectively and the acceptance of means of payment other than cash. In particular, rules on net worth changed so that thrifts could continue to operate even at historically low levels. Also, â€Å"supervisory goodwill† was used to balance out the books in terms of capital requirements and accounting numbers. This goodwill had no economic sense and simply helped to compensate any institutions, in a merger, when taking over economically impaired assets of insolvent institutions. All in all, the changes in accounting and capital treatment of supervisory goodwill enabled SL’s to post stronger accounting and capital numbers even though the underlying economic situation had deteriorated. There was a cancellation of the ceiling of the loan to value ratio as well. Forbearance or the decline in regulatory oversight was also a major factor of the debacle. Most importantly, savings and loan interest rate ceilings were removed. SL’s had a large proportion of variable rate liabilities (deposits) funding fixed-rate assets they held 84.5% of their assets as home mortgages. These institutions had a negative GAP as the amount of RSL was larger than that of RSA. GAP = RSA RSL Therefore, they were exposed to any rise in interest rates as the yield on the assets were fixed while the cost of liabilities increased. With the rapid increase in base rate in the 1980’s, FI’s cost of RSL rose faster than they could adjust their return on their assets. They had to maintain a high level of interest paid on deposit to avoid deposit withdrawal. The Net Interest Income – the difference between interest on assets and cost of liabilities decreased significantly. NII = Asset Return – Cost of Liabilities On average, the returns on home loans were 9% with an average deposit rate of 7% which implied a 2% net interest income. Given the tight regulations surrounding the SL’s, these institutions relied in the 2% net interest income as their main source of income. However, as the base rate rose dramatically, the NII dropped to negative figures, reaching -1.0% in 1981. Many institutions lost huge amounts of money. Savings and Loans specialised in originating and holding home mortgage loans that were relatively long term assets with fixed interest rates. However, these were funded by relatively short term deposits whose interest rates were variable. There was a maturity mismatch that was exposed to risk of interest rate rise. With the market value of the assets being more volatile because of its longer maturity, and as a consequence a longer duration, the rise in interest rate decreased the value of the mortgages to very low levels. The value of the liabilities decreased as well but to a smaller extent. Since net worth is the difference between market value of assets and market value of liabilities, this led to negative equity of financial institutions. Δ E = (DA DLg) x A x Δr/(1+r) Since DA DLg, with Δr 0, change in net worth value ΔE is negative. The leverage adjusted duration gap between the assets and liabilities was so large and with a large rise in interest rate, the equity value decreased to being negative. By the early 1980s, savings and loans throughout the country were insolvent by about $110 billion and the fund was reporting only $6 billion in reserves (Barth, 1991; Brumbaugh, 1988; Kane, 1989) The legislation also allowed savings and loans to begin to diversify into commercial real estate loans and other loans commercial banks could already make. Congress hoped that if SL’s invested in riskier, and thus, higher yielding assets, they would be able to offset the loss they previously made. The savings and loans were also allowed to originate adjustable-rate home loans. By 1983, most SLs were deemed economically profitable but 9% of the SL industry was insolvent. However, the Federal Home Loan Bank Board (FHLBB) and the Bank Board, went ahead with their plan of regulating the industry by imposing a 7% net worth limit for new entrants in the thrift industry so as to promote safe risk management practices and investments. Although all these developments were intended to help savings and loans, they gave rise to a subsequent twist in the crisis. The new changes did indeed allow savings and loans to reduce their interest rate risks but the changes exposed savings and loans to new risks mainly credit risks. While defaults on the home mortgages were low, defaults and associated losses on other types of loans and investments are typically much higher. By combining interest rate risk with credit risk, spread over a wider geographical area, experienced institutions had greater opportunities to choose a prudent overall balance of risk and return. However, many savings and loans began making commercial real estate loans, activities in which they were relatively inexperienced. Since investing in real estate loans entailed unique risks and required specific skills, SL’s eventually made losses on the real estate loans. These credit quality problems are reflected in the net income of the industry plunging once again, but even more than in the early 1980s, when the yield curve inverted. The industry lost nearly $21 billion in 1987 and 1988, and almost another $8 billion in 1989. Many open but insolvent savings and loans had incentives to take excessive risks and â€Å"gambled for resurrection† because of the phenomenon of moral hazard. If ever something turned wrong, the federal deposit insurance fund would bear the losses; yet the owners would reap the rewards if everything went well. The legislation, however, did not change how premiums were set for federal deposit insurance, meaning that riskier institutions and prudent ones were charged the same premium. Actually, the level of insured deposits was raised from $40,000 to $100,000. The new, lower capital requirements and broader opportunities to lend and invest allowed some savings and loan to take larger risks. With federally insured deposits and the ability to attract more deposits by offering higher rates of interest, deeply troubled savings and loans always had ready access to additional funds. Deregulation encouraged increased risk-taking by SL’s. However, in the mid- to late 1980s, with considerable real estate loans and investments, regional recessions struck the USA, which reduced commercial real estate values. In particular, an unexpected plunge in the price of oil in 1986 contributed to recession. To make matters worse, the Congress passed the Tax Reform Act of 1986 that more than eliminated the tax benefits to commercial real estate ownership it had conveyed only a few years earlier. Commercial real estate values fell dramatically as a result. This severely affected the asset value of the SL’s. In 1987, the Bank Board emphasised the importance of capitalisation by imposing a supervisory approval for SLs which engage in investments that are above 2.5 the multiplier of their tangible capital base. The main turning point was the Financial Institutions Reform Recovery and Enforcement Act (FIRREA), restructuring the industry as a whole by setting up the Resolution Trust Corporation which in total resolved or liquidated 747 thrifts, with assets valued at $394 billion, jettisoning both the FHLBB and FSLIC and setting up a new regulatory institution Office of Thrift Supervision. The key to this act was that instead of trying to save the SLs which were barely solvent, it dissolved them and focused on the solvent ones to reform the industry. With the assistance of market fundamentals – favourable conditions of interest rates, the reinstatement of GAAP accounting and real estate market, the industry stabilised. LESSONS LEARNT The thrift crisis had a bailout plan of $153 billion, of which around 80% was financed by taxpayers. The number of institutions in the SL industry receded considerably until 1995 and before then, the ability of the regulators and the government to deal with the crisis was questioned many times. What followed was a series of court battles, corruption charges and major restructuring. Therefore, consequences were substantial enough for everyone to extract some observations and lessons. The starting point of it all was overregulation, which outlined the restrictions and conditions under which an SL would function. That included rigidity of the institutions to be flexible at a time economic conditions were changing and the financial sector was advancing. With fixed interest rates, it proved difficult for the SL to engage in competition as their means of investing was limited. One crucial point is that additional regulations do not necessarily mean fewer risks. SLs had to assume additional exposure to interest rate risk and alongside with banks, they were prevented from optimising their credit risk exposure. The government sometimes does not modify the regulations as fast as the structure of the industry is changing leading to new risks emerging and the cycle goes on. To keep up with advancement, the government has to put in place tighter risk management policies and controls. However, regulators and government should not direct the investment decisions of institutions. Rather, investments should be in line with market and economic forces. At a later stage, the industry was deregulated in order to remedy the situation. However, this translated into a decrease in market discipline as the SLs made high risk investments as they relied on the safety net of federal guarantee to cover any losses. Moral hazard, adverse selection and passive management were noted. Therefore, it exposes the disadvantage of FSLIC at that time which encouraged the SLs to take long-term and unreported risks. The deregulation, reducing the capital requirements, left the thrift industry more vulnerable to economic changes. From the failure of resuscitating the industry, it was deduced that forbearance treatment towards insolvent institutions might not always be the best option as it can lead to a freeze in lending and stifle the economy. One of the lessons from the thrift crisis which has been consistently taken into account over the years was the reliance on capital ratios. During the deregulation period of the crisis, there was no monitoring of the capital bases of the thrifts which ultimately lead to insolvency. From then on, institutions had to follow certain standard capital requirements put in place by regulators. However, this focus proved recently in the credit crunch to be detrimental, showing that banks favour trust and confidence. It is important to realise that capital ratios and other accounting ratios might not reveal the real economic strength of the institution. The crisis led to more disclosure and market value accounting. It has been understood that it would have been best to restrict involvement of public funds as a means of saving the industry. Using state or public funds to buy-out thrifts below value is not in accord with public welfare. A solution would have been to subdivide the thrifts into insured and uninsured ones with varying degrees of supervisory regulations concerning deposits and investments. One lesson learned was the emergence of an adjustable insurance premium rate which became a function of the institution’s regulatory rating, risk and capital levels. CONCLUSION For some years the final bill for the SL crisis remained uncertain. However, it is known now that, the thrift crisis cost an extraordinary$153 billion – one of the most expensive financial sector crises the world has seen. Of this, the US taxpayer paid out $124 billion while the thrift industry itself paid $29 million. The consequences of the SL crisis for the structure and regulation of the US financial industry were profound. The number of institutions in the SL industry fell by about half between 1986 and 1995, partly due to the closure of around 1,000 institutions by regulators, the most intense series of institution failures since the 1930s. The failures prompted an overhaul of the regulatory structure for US banking and thrifts, a shake-up in the system of deposit insurance and implied Government guarantees. Regulators shifted towards a policy of earlier intervention in failing institutions so that the principal costs are more likely to be borne by shareholders than other stakeholders. There was also a shift towards more risk-sensitive regulatory regimes, with respect to both net worth assessments and the payments to deposit insurance funds, while deposit insurance reform made it less likely that taxpayers would shoulder so great a burden in any future crisis. At a wider level, the SL crisis taught politicians, regulators and bankers how misleading rules-driven regulatory and accounting numbers can be in relation to risky bank activities. At different stages of the crisis, reporting of the financial condition of SLs was deliberately selected by interested parties to cover up the true economic extent of the unfolding disaster. It was a risk reporting failure on grand scale that greatly worsened the long term economic consequences fort the ultimate stakeholder: the US taxpayer. REFERENCES 1. Myth: Carter ruined the economy; Reagan saved it. http://www.huppi.com/kangaroo/L-carterreagan.htm [Accessed 31 October 2010 to 18 November 2010] 2. The U.S. banking debacle of the 1980’s : A lesson in government mismanagement http://www.thefreemanonline.org/featured/the-us-banking-debacle-of-the-1980s-a-lesson-in-government-mismanagement/ [Accessed 31 October 2010 to 18 November 2010] 3. Inverted Yield Curve Research Report, Milken Institute http://www.milkeninstitute.org/pdf/InvrtdYieldCurvesRsrchRprt.pdf [Accessed 31 October 2010 to 18 November 2010 4. The Cost of the Savings and Loans Crisis, FDIC Banking Review http://useconomy.about.com/library/s-and-l-crisis.pdf [Accessed 31 October 2010 to 18 November 2010] 5. The SL Crisis: A Chrono-Bibliography, FDIC http://www.fdic.gov/bank/historical/s%26l/index.html [Accessed 31 October 2010 to 18 November 2010] 6. The Savings and Loan Crisis http://wapedia.mobi/en/Savings_and_loan_crisis.html [Accessed 31 October 2010 to 18 November 2010] 7. US Savings and Loans Crisis, Sungard Bancware Erisk http://www.prmia.org/pdf/Case_Studies/US_SL.pdf [Accessed 31 October 2010 to 18 November 2010] 8. Savings and Loans Crisis, FDIC Report Vol. 1 http://www.fdic.gov/bank/historical/history/167_188.pdf [Accessed 31 October 2010 to 18 November 2010] 9. The Economic Effects of the Savings and Loans Crisis, Congressional Budget Office http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/100xx/doc10073/1992_01_theeconeffectsofthesavings.pdf [Accessed 31 October 2010 to 18 November 2010] 10. The Cost of Savings and Loans Crisis: Truth and Consequences, FDIC Banking Review http://fcx.fdic.gov/bank/analytical/banking/2000dec/brv13n2_2.pdf [Accessed 31 October 2010 to 18 November 2010]

Anti-Social Behaviour Orders | Analysis

Anti-Social Behaviour Orders | Analysis Our society gives us the right to live in a safe and secure community. But along with these rights, we have some responsibilities. We all have a responsibility towards our neighboursand we must treat them respectfully in the community. Also for the security and betterment of the society, the antisocialists should know that their behaviour will not be accepted and action will be taken against them if they continue with their behavior. Such behavior often includes aggression and hostility which often results in to physical or verbal abuse. They might refuse to follow the rules of a situation or disregard the power of a superior (Farrington Coid 2003). An ASBO (Anti Social Behavior Order) is specially designed for children 8-17 year olds whose existing behaviorshows signs of future offending activities. The community works together to stop this offending behavior through educational, diversionary activities and family support. The main aims of the community are to reduce the number of youngsters from entering the criminal system, to improve attendance of the identified groups at school and to minimize the factors that would help someone lead to an offensive behavior(Great Britain: National Audit Office 2006). The scale of the problem Of all the problems which most affect neighborhoods up and down the country, antisocial behavior has perhaps the maximum potential to affect the quality of community life. It has been very difficult to find accurate statistics on the nature and popularity of antisocial behaviour. There are some current methods such as self-report studies, victim surveys and data gathered through police, courts, fire service and other criminal justice agencies through which data on antisocial behaviour are gathered (McAtamney Morgan 2009). These sources of information are considered useful but they are restricted in their capability to provide a precise description of antisocial behavior. Such sources often involve incidents that are unrecorded since they are difficult to notice and do not get in contact with the courts.Further, it also depends upon the type of incident being examined. The more popular an incident is, the more people will fight against it. Also antisocial behaviours such as being rude and abusive are difficult to define and no agencies are responsible for collecting data on it. It is considered to be an important problem of the society since more and more people are getting involved in it. Such patterns are shown in early ages such as 13 to 14 years. At this age, antisocial acts include stealing something from someones house or getting involved in a fight with a classmate or been suspended from school. Such behaviors may lead to dangerous anti-social behaviors at a later age. Researches show that some of the antisocial acts are common such as cigarette use or skipping school and these acts might not have the possibility to lead to dangerous acts in the future (Melton Borough Council 2013). All of this is of course is not possible without the effective enforcement of ASBO by the court. People who are insistent on harassing the society should be punished accordingly. Those who continue to bring fear, distress and misery to local communities should not go unpunished. Sentences should reflect the seriousness of the crime and do so in a consistent manner. The police play an important role in this regard and could help improve quality of life of the community (Millie 2008). The rationale for making this a key concern after 1997: Now the question is, why was antisocial behavior made a key concern after 1997? As it is generally believed and also several studies have proved that if special attention is not given towards this matter it can lead to serious crimes. According to NACRO (2002), this theory is termed as contagion theory. This theory suggests that the presence of evil or destruction leads to more destruction or evil. Wilson and Kelling have termed this contagious effect as the broken window. As it is generally believed that a building with a broken window means that no one cares about the building so this will lead to more broken windows and this shows that breaking more windows does not really cost anything. Further, antisocial behavior can be costly for communities. It affects the stability of an areas market. It alsoaffects the success of local businesses and can be costly to repair. This repair can be in terms of financial and human resources. A proper record for the damages is not kept since there are limited sources for the collection of data. But acts such as neighbor nuisance, destruction of property and criminal damage can be estimated. Furthermore, antisocial behavior can affect the lives of the executors which would in return also affect their families. They can be excluded from school, expulsed from their homes and become involved with the criminal system (Spalding 2011) A discussion of the key initiatives undertaken to deal with this problem, starting with the 1997 Crime Disorder Act (ASBOs) and the subsequent development of this approach CR- ASBOs, dispersal orders, the Respect Agenda etc The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 was passed in December 1997 by both Houses; Commons and Lords and also received Royal Assent in 1998. A number of key issues were discussed in this Act, which include the introduction of Anti-Social Orders, Parenting Orders, Sex Offender Orders, increasing the Local Authority responsibilities for crime reduction etc. Here we will be discussing the main area of interest that isAnti-Social Behavior Orders (ASBOs)(UK Parliamanet Publications and records 2005). Anti-Social Behavior Orders: According to Part I of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, the type of behavior that is generally thought of as being antisocial is raucous, irritating or intimidating behavior which often takes place in community areas.This kind of behavior can also pull out to sabotage and graffiti. Further this behavior includes dealing and buying drugs on the street, dumping rubbish and disposing of cars. Begging also comes under the anti-social umbrella. The Crime and Disorder Act was modified in to a civil remedy called the Anti-Social Behavior Orders or ASBOs in order to engage in with the government to tackle unacceptable activities that were impacting the quality of community life. According to the Act, any person who might have engaged in anti-social behavior is to be taken care of by the Magistrate or the Sheriff. As mentioned above, anti-social behavioris defined by the Actas a conduct which caused or was likely to cause alarm, harassment or distress to one or more persons not of the same ho usehold as him or herself and where an ASBO is seen as necessary to protect relevant persons from further anti-social acts by the defendant. An ASBO can include a ban from entering a specific area or talking to certain people according to different individuals it is made in respect for. Violation of an ASBO is considered a criminal offence and conviction may lead to a minimum of two, or a maximum of five years detention. Though most of the ASBOs are issued in respect of the types of behaviors pointed out earlier but there have been circumstances in where the ASBOs have been issued in more unusual situations. This has led to severe condemnation. For example, in February 2003, a 16-year-old boy was forbidden from showing his tattoos,in public anywhere in the country. In July 2003,an 87-year-old man received an order for being rude and sarcastic to his neighbors. He was the oldest recipient for an order. Further in December 2004, a man became the first farmer to become the recipient of an ASBO when he was ordered to keep his pigs and geese under control. This happened because the people living near his farm complained that his animals had escaped and caused damage to their properties (Clarke, 2003). It is an official implementation which carries the full force of legal execution. It was generally believed that ASBO is only used for adults but recently it has been discussed that it can be applied to any individual who is over the age of ten years. An ASBO needs a minimum time of two years to be placed and can be reviewed if your behavior has improved. It is only placed in an area where a certain anti-social behavior is reported. According to the UK government website young offenders can be fined up to 250-1000 pounds. You can also get a detention and training order (DTO) for up to 24 months whereas adults are fined up to 5000 pounds or five years of imprisonment or both (Farrington Coid, 2003). Anti-Social Behavior Orders may be used in several situations that pertain to ongoing anti-social behavior. ASBOs are used when someone has been warned several times and even then, social behavior is not improved. However, in many cases, there are solutions which are less severe and less strict than ASBOs, which will be different according to each situation. However, these ordersmay not be equally suitable in every situation. For example, if you have been in disagreement with your neighbors over who owns the boundary between your houses, but your neighbor hasnt shown any anti-social behavior, an ASBO would not be the right way to deal with this problem and the court probably would not grant one anyway. CR-ASBOs A CR-ASBO is a Criminal Anti-Social Behavior Order. It is a social or civil order;the main reason for its existence is to protect the community from anti-social behavior. It can be obtained much quicker than an ASBO. But they are not taken in to court until the criminal court is concluded.A Crasbo order is issued when a conviction is made on criminal proceedings. The parties responsible for serving an order are the Criminal Courts(Millie 2008). These orders are received by individuals who are convicted of criminal offence or anti-social behavior. This order describes the anti-social behavior in the crime for which they are condemned for. For example a Crasbo was received by Fred Bloggs which was placed by the CPS. It forbids him from entering Waterside in Stratford. Another reason for the existence of Crasbo is to encourage local people to become enthusiastically involved in reporting crime and anti-social behavior which would in return help to put together and shelter the community(Millie 2008). The main difference between a CRASBO and an ASBO is that a Crasbo is receivedafter a criminal conviction is made. A Crasbo is unique to all cases. The convicted will have a set of prohibitions unique to his case to thwart anti-social behavior from re-occurring and to guard the society from such acts. A Crasbo could result in banning the individual from any of the following:(Millie 2008). * Committing any anti-social acts * Connecting with certain people * Leaving home after a certain time * Entering defined areas in the community * Entering specified buildings, shopping areas etc Just like an ASBO, the breach of a Crasbo is also considered a criminal offence. And the maximum punishment is 5 years of imprisonment for adults. Dispersal Orders Section 30 of the Anti-Social Behavior Order provides local authorities to tackle anti-social behavior committed by groups of people. Such orders are placed on certain areas at different times. The areas could be as small or as large as necessary, as long as there is evidence of anti-social behavior there. If an area is under a dispersal order the police are allowed to separate or move groups of two or more people from that area. The police have been given authority to do this if they have a reason to believe that the group has or might harass, intimidate, alarm or distress any member of the public(Spalding 2011). The groups asked to be dispersed by the police wont be allowed to reunite in that area in the next twenty four hours. If someone violates the order, it will be regarded as criminal offence and could result in a fine of up to  £5,000 or custody for up to three months. A senior police officer makes the decision about the order and this order can be placed on an area for up to six months. The validity period expires after six months but a new order can be put in place if there were enough reports regarding groups causing criminal behavior(Spalding 2011). Respect Agenda Tony Blair launched the Respect Agenda in United Kingdom in 2005. The basic aim of this agenda was to help central government, local agencies and citizens to work together in an effective manner to tackle the problems caused by anti-social behavior. Till now the most common recipients of the ASBOs are young people. These young people are often considered a nuisance to the community by bad behavior problems such as drinking, minor theft etc, due to which they are banned from certain areas for specific periods of time. A report by Joseph Rowntree Foundation (JSF) discusses three main reasons as to why these young people or even adults behave anti-socially. The first reason was a decline in moral standards and family values. Secondly, there are some families that have become disengaged from the society. Thirdly, that these young people were always considered as kids and not given a chance to act like grownups (Clarke 2003). Neighborhood management is a new form of neighborhood renewal strategies. It also addresses the problems of anti-social behavior. It also focuses on community involvement; which benefits the community, brings the individuals closer and values them. Various community programs are held in order to empower the residents and keep them participated in such community acts. Strengths The main mechanisms that have been deployed to tackle anti-social behavior include the following strengths(Clarke 2003): * Improvement in the quality of life of the community. * Gives values to the residents and in result they actively participate in preventing anti-social activities. * The Respect Agenda specifically focuses on the youth by funding youth clubs and college sports teams etc * Peoples aspiration and expectation levels are raised. Weaknesses Since the introduction of the ASBO, debate has bounded it for several reasons(Clarke 2003). * Little restriction by courts on what can be termed as anti-social behavior. * Often lawful behavior is criminalized. * The penalties are open ended. * Effect of ASBOs on children and young people. Conclusion The antisocial behavior continues to be performed on adolescents. This is in opportune. Firstly, the agencies should work in partnership with other public bodies and community groups to ensure safer and stronger communities. This can be done by taking positive actions focused at the diminution of crime and disorder and humanizing the quality of life for everyone. The young children should at least once be given warning letters or home visits when involved in anti-social acts because a lot of young people have been taken in to custody who do not deserve to be there. The Dispersal Order should ensure that the restrictions and powers of the Order are well publicized to everyone, including the young people and their parents. The Respect Agenda must not only be focused on young people but should look at a broader perspective. It should create a balance in the relationships that exist between young and old to create the respect element. It should be linked to broader policy making even at the local community level (Clarke 2003). The government published a paper regarding the abolishment of ASBOs and some other court orders. These would be replaced by CBO and CPI. CBO is Criminal Behavior Order and would focus on criminal conviction in stead of the CR-ASBO, whereas CPI is Crime Prevention Injunction responsible for other cases, where someone is not convicted. The white paper says that most of the feedback regarding this new system is positive, whereas some were concerned about the funding. This new system simplifies the much complex old system and is majorly accepted by the public.Both of these unlike ASBOs need to have optimistic necessities as well as exclusions. The breach of a CBO is a criminal offence followed by a maximum prison sentence of five years. However, breach of a CPI would result in ridicule of court for which the penalty can be either a heavy fine or two years in prison(McAtamney Morgan 2009). The government has also issued Designated Public Place Orders which pose a restriction on public drinking because of the nuisances that have been experienced earlier. This Order can limit to certain areas over specific time periods. The police will have the power to regulate the consumption of alcohol in a certain area. Previously the government made a large amount of information regarding the problems people faced in the anti-social behavior area. All this information was available online.In May 2008, the government produced an Anti-social behavior guide, which gave information on a range of remedies. Although this information is still available on the archived versions of the Home Office, yet it has not been updated.The present Government has recently issued a White Paper promising to replace 19 of the orders to just six (UK Parliamanet Publications and records 2005).

Nineteenth Century Europe: Autonomy and Responsibility Essay -- Essays

Nineteenth Century Europe: Autonomy and Responsibility In the nineteenth century, many changes were occurring throughout Europe. Many of these changes focused on the individual, which was an important aspect of European society. However, many changes also focused on the individuals responsibility to the nation. During this time, many individuals demonstrated their right to self-government through political systems such as liberalism, while also showing their loyalty to the nation through movements of nationalism and imperialism. During the time when Europeans became focused on the self, rather than society as a whole, liberals began to surface. Liberals promoted a limited government and desired to protect the rights of the individual. Liberalism was an autonomous political system, meaning the people believed they had the right or power of self-government. Liberals favored equality before the law for all citizens, religious toleration, and freedom of the press.1 During this period it was more important that the rights and duties of the people were acknowledged by the government, rather than the government focusing solely on gaining money and power. Many advancements were made during the nineteenth century that improved the self governing system that Europe desired. The Second Industrial Revolution occurred during which the agricultural and industrial world developed, improving the standard of living. Many Europeans began migrating to cities with the hopes of finding better jobs and better lives. The standard of living greatly improved and the autonomous system of liberalism prospered. As more and more individuals began focusing on their rights and duties as individuals, they also began focusing on their res... ...Western Civilization, 168. 6 War and Civilizationà ® in Rogers, Aspects of Western Civilization, 180. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bibliography Smith, Helmut Walser. German Nationalism and Religious Conflict: Culture, Ideology, Politics, 1870-1914. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1995. This book explores the relationship between religion and the national identity of Germany. In particular it touches on the conflict between Protestants and Catholics as Germany strove to create its own liberal identity. Smith also provides an analysis of the social, cultural, and political dimensions of German life. Finally, Smith explores the role of political Protestantism and the nature of the national identity in Germany today.

how do you view religion? Essay -- essays research papers

How do you view yourself? How do others view you? Do you really care? The answers to all these questions are shaped by the culture you were raised in. for the most part, scientists agree that culture plays a very important role in how a person develops. A woman raised in India might grow up to be a traditional woman who marries young, works part time, and who devotes the majority of her life to her family. The same person, if raised in a more Western-thinking country, might attend college, pursue a career, and not get married until after she’s thirty. All cultures have certain things in common, but still have differences that make them very distinct. There are four main criteria anthropologists use when examining cultures. I hope to show these criteria, explain them in a way that is easy to make sense of, and also show how cultures can evolve.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Culture shows up in the social norms, customs, symbols, humor, expectations, beliefs and communications practices. Culture plays a large role in shaping a person’s personality. As humans we are born with little or no specific instincts. A person’s culture will shape those instincts and train the person on how to survive traditionally. One of the most astonishing things about vulture is the fact that it can be changed in one generation but then keep those changes intact through many hundreds of generation after that.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Merit Student’s Encyclopedia (page 375), culture is defined as â€Å"the patterns of behavior acquired by man though social learning.† Nearly all recent studies preformed to find out how culture affects people seem to infer that culture is a learned trait, rather than one passed down through genes (sometimes called â€Å"genetic memory†) as some anthropologists previously thought. What different types of cultures are there? There are regional cultures, religions cultures, and many others that are considered â€Å"sub-cultures†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Culture can be broken into four main components. Orientation to time: whether focus is on the past, present, or future. Orientation to people: orientation to the environment: whether it’s here to serve us, or we’re here to serve it. Values and Philosophies: what’s most important in life, what your values are, whether religion is important or not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Christianity is one o... ... decides their values.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Islam, according to the Quran, any interaction between men and women who are not related or married is forbidden, although many families chose not to observe this law.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this paper, I mostly used the Christian religion to explain the four criteria for examining cultures, and to explain cultural evolution because, for me, it was the easiest thing to relate those topics to. However, Christianity was just used as an example. The criteria of cultures apply to every part and culture in the world. By understanding how cultures are examined and classified, you increase understanding them, and with increased understanding comes increased acceptance, and maybe fewer problems that result from the current misunderstanding between people of different cultures. I showed you how cultures can change, sometimes over a long time, sometimes over a period of less then fifty years, and told you the four main criteria used for examining cultures, so the next time you hear something about people from one area or religion being stereotyped, you can hopefully get your own information and look for things for yourself.

Dealing with Loss in Killing the Bear Essay -- Minty Killing the Bear

Dealing with Loss in Killing the Bear Often things that we experience as children have lasting affects on us that creep up when we least expect them. In Judith Minty's story "Killing the Bear", a woman finds herself in just such a situation. She finally deals with something that happened to her as a young child that she probably never even realized was bothering her. In this story the central character painfully comes to grips with a major loss of security from her childhood. Throughout "Killing the Bear" the author flips back and forth from the story at hand and seemingly only loosely related anecdotes about the main character and bears. One of the first of these side stories is about the woman's childhood. It talks about something that happens to most children, the loss of an object of security. The girl is attached to a stuffed bear and her mother takes it away "for three months" (12). She is told that when the time is over if she has stopped sucking her thumb, she can have the toy back. When the time passes, however, the child discovers...

Beowulf Literary Analysis

Nick Paine 3/11/13 Beowulf Literary Analysis In the poem Beowulf, the issue of whether or not this particular period is more barbaric or is more civilized. The author of Beowulf is trying to present a certain message in the poem. The message that can be pulled from Beowulf is that even within a society of thought to be malicious and barbaric, there is still room for it to be civilized. When you think of Vikings you don’t necessarily think of a civilized society.In Beowulf, the society of that particular era and people is thought to be fighting, dangerous and overall barbaric. This assumption is not completely because in the poem, the are big into fighting and most importantly there are monstrous creatures running amok, reeking havoc. With the monsters of Grendel, Grendel’s mother, and the dragon existing, it makes the society seem that much more horrid and barbaric. In the poem it describes Grendel by saying â€Å"He was spawned in that slime of Cain, murderous creatu res banished by God, punished forever for the crime of Abel’s death. (35 l. 105-108 ). This just goes to show how elements like this can cause someone to believe this time period is more barbaric. However, after a closer evaluation of the poem you are able to see that this society is not as barbaric as it originally seems. Two examples of something that shows how this society can be considered civilized are the mead hall, and the armor worn by the people. In the poem it refers to the mead hall as the â€Å"Gold shining hall† (40, l. 239), this quote emphasizes the importance and pride they take in the mead hall.The mead hall is decorated with vast quantities of gold and it represents the respect it gets from the society. The armor is also regarded in the text when it says â€Å"Helmeted, the silvery metal of his mail shirt gleaming with a smith’s high art†(37, l. 139-140). This quote shows, once again, shows the pride of these people, this time in their a rmor. So, what you can conclude from this is that they can’t be so barbaric if they are taking the time and putting in the effort into these things.Their pride symbolizes how civilized the society actually was. Before analyzing the poem one may look at this society as being barbaric simply because of the monsters and what they know about Viking warriors. Yet, after further evaluation of the text you are able to find the messages the author has left, giving the idea that maybe the society is not so barbaric after all. Altogether, in the end it is safe to say the author has left a lesson saying not all things that are barbaric can’t be civilized.

Police Corruption Essay

Every guard commission throughout the coupled States has its own jurisprudence sub course of instruction. The patrol division is often everyplace looked and underrated. In almost every delegacy, this division is the face of the law of nature Department. Despite the measurable role that patrol ships officers play, the role often may be viewed as a low-status area of policing. It is unremarkably the largest section of an agency however, it receives the most agency funds. The patrol division responds to c exclusivelys, provides services to the society, and fosters to proceed crime. It is a physically and mentally de firearmding channel, in which involves all facets of the policing role (Grant and Terry, 2011).Due to its de sliceding attention, police Officers respond to a numerous of transformation calls. These calls include homicides, rapes, and domestic disputes. An officer may at times be plagued with agile creative thinker calls, which may affect him in the lon g run. Community patrolling addresses the community concerns at the grassroots patrol level. As departments grow, they strike off realistic goals and continue to develop community partnerships. Unfortunately, superstar willing often tick off patrol officers make mischievously judgment calls, in which can lead to bollix up issues.Criminal acts under mask of police include acts within the bounds or limits of rule-goerned authority. This includes acts beyond the bounds of lawful authority. There has been an increase in police corruption issues, misconduct, and brutality mishaps within the in conclusion year. Everything from the range of using technology for bad selection in newly hired officers has led to this problem. Off-duty conduct may too be covered under color of law only if the perpetrator maintain official status in almost manner. Due to these tokens of issues, unity will sometimes hear the Police Department needs to be policed.A number of researchers live wit h examined the practice session of drive. For example, there are debates for the usefulness of force continuums among law enforcement agencies. As a police officer, I gravel en runered calls, in which witnesses have question my actions and even criminate me of police brutality. I once responded to a call of a possible burglary in progress. Upon my arrival, I located a Latino male, in his late twenties, attempting to remove a window screen. When he observed my unvaried and noniced who I was, he ran outside(a) from me while h white-haireding a exquisite flat power pointed screw driver in his right hand.As he climbed over a brick groin, separating the building, I observed he tossed the screw driver and he appeared to get ahead for a second unknown object. As I climbed over the wall myself, I cut intoed for my taser gun and deployed it. I struck him along the side of his torso and he went bundle ilk rain drops on cement. As I subdued him and placed duress on him, I coul d hear muckle gathering around saying, that Officer did not need to taser him, and this is police brutality. I knew that because of the wall blocking the civilians view, most of the witnesses had not copn what had occurred on the other side of the wall.Using riotous judgment and proper use of force will always be questi id by the community. Unfortunately, not all patrol officers work out uncorrupted judgment as you may have heard about the Fullerton Police Department relating to the chance with Kelly doubting doubting Thomas. Kelly Thomas, born on April 5, 1974 and died on July 10, 2011, was a homeless man diagnosed with schizophrenia. He lived on the streets of Fullerton, California where Thomas died five days after an ruffle with members of the Fullerton Police Department on July 5, 2011. after(prenominal) paramedics treated the officers first for their minor injuries, Thomas was taken to St. Jude Medical Center in front being transferred to the UC Irvine Medical Center, where he was comatose on arrival and not judge to recover. Medical records show that bones in his face were broken and he had clotted on his own blood (Sewell and Winton, 2011). A judge declined to dismiss the charges against the officers in January 2013, determination that a reasonable person could derive that the use of force was spendthrift and unreasonable. An appeals flirt judge alike denied a require to overturn the lower courts decision. Manuel Ramos, one of the Fullerton Police Officers, was charged with one counting of second-degree murder and one count of involuntary manslaughter. Corporal Jay Cicinelli and Officer Joseph Wolfe were also each charged with one count of felony involuntary manslaughter and one count of excessive force. I was not at the incident therefore, I cannot judge my colleagues in the actions that were taken on their behalf.However, it is difficult for me to think that both homo being deserved this type of force used against him. When dealing with a combative subject I use the only the amount of force compulsory to make the subject comply. I do not feel that when dealing with a mentally ill transient, the use of strikes to the head and face are needed. As much(prenominal) as I hate to see my colleagues in this position, I feel that this is the scalelike we will get to justice. Thomas will not return from the dead and somebody needs to be punished for the mistakes do that day.Another case I would like to discuss is the Huntington Beach Police Detective, who was accuse of corruption. A veteran Huntington Beach police officer was once assigned to a federal anti-drug task force. He was arrested on charges that he conspired with others to distribute large quantities of cocain and marijuana. Sergeant Alvaro Murillo, who was also known as The Godfather by his cohorts, was accused of using his job as a police officer to recruit informants in the drug world. after this, he would then use them to help him steal narcotics from dealers (Glover, 2008).Unfortunately, we are going to have officers who abuse their authority. It kind of makes me embarrassed to be associated with this type of behavior. As a laddie officer, I was employed by the city of Huntington Beach. I patrolled the streets of Huntington Beach with my Field g mannering Officer (FTO) where I remembered one incident when he drove me to a house, which had been raided on a drug related vouch search. I observed evidence, which included United States currency, guns, cocaine, crystal methamphetamine, and other drug relating to gear mechanism lying on the living room floor.It is disgusting to see a man fall to temptation, even worse, to see a fellow officer taint our concern by performing such a disgusting act. However, this profession, just like all other professions, is conducted by human beings and human beings make mistakes. A key compute in being a effectual police officer is using good discretion and having integrity. Sergeant Murillo was sentenced to prison to do time for his action. I agree with this punishment, no matter how bad temptation is. As Police Officers, we are held to a high expectation.If one is tempted by the minor temptations in life and needs to corrupt ones police department to reach financial gain, then the individual has no business in this profession. As a rookie officer, I remember an old Sergeant instruct the patrol division at 0500 hours. The last words of his briefing were, be safe and do the lords work. By being associated with police corruption, misconduct, and excessive force, one is working with the evil forces of nature in which where one swore to protect against the negative influences. By staying away from those immature acts, it has made me a cleanse officer and an overall better human being.

What empathy means to me

Although there are m all definitions for the terminus empathy, one of which states that it refers to the answerions of one individual to the observed experiences of other (Davis,113), a very fitting definition, however empathy is so much more than Just a cross out for a reaction toa slur. Personally I dont c erstive of empathy is measureable by scientific assessment, rather empathy should be viewed as a believes of moral virtue. A salient part of empathy is respect disagreeing with mostones choice or thought, man cosmos able to view a property from their point of view without udgment is truly key.This being said, that doesnt mean you have to agree or depart your thoughts, be arrays the ability to take in both opinions and react approperately is empathy. Both of my parents taught me have you thought about(predicate) their side of the internet site? This use to frustrate me until I find that taking a step back from my locating and looking at it from a different orgas m usually made me change my attitude about the situation. No, it didnt al bearings fix the situation, scarcely it encouraged me to change my attitude from negative to understanding.Matthew 712 states So hatever you wish that others would do to you, do also to them, for this is the fair play and the Prophets. Empathy is like a mirror, a reflection, but a reflection of emotions that you feel in your life being applied to the lives of those around you. This pression though ordinarily thought of as a sympathy or a counterfeit of comfort, isnt always the case. Looking at life through the eyes of others is how empathy is expressed. This realization of others feelings finish create a bond between you and them. Reflecting on your experiences and applying the emotions from your life to situations of others is part of this mirroring.Empathy was defined by www. newyorker. com in the article The Baby in the Well by Paul Bloom as an instinctive mirroring of others. He also brings up the c ase of The Empathy Altruism scheme a study done by psychologist C. Daniel Baston. This possible action states that taking into consideration others points of view produces a form of self-complacency. This self-satisfaction is selflessness that in itself self-motivates that person to express more empathy. I agree that there is self-satisfaction in helping others that drives you to want to help again, without any form of repayment.Empathy isnt Just thinking about doing something, but taking action. Empathy as an action seems to fall into a grey area where mercy, kindness, and comprehension all charter together in a common meaning. harmonise to www. thesaurus. com, these terms are synonymous in this way, empathy is some much more in-depth than Just a term. Theodore Roosevelt once said No one cares how much you sleep together, until they know how much you care. Part of being tender is having expression, and emotion. Without it, what would separate us from a robot? Gary wasted a nd Gigi Vorgan wrote the articleIs the internet killing empathy? (found on www. cnn. com) and bring up the statement have our brains become so desensitized by 2417, all-you-can eat diet of lurid flickering images that weve wooly-minded all perspective on admitness and compassion? I agree that it has. Empathy is something to be learned everyplace time through personal experience. This cannot be achieved without interaction with others face to face. If someone never experiences a situation how are they to know think that much of our cognition of empathy comes from our learning though personal interaction.The only way that empathy can be taught is by experience. Whether that be meter reading someone elses reaction to something, or taking the scallywag see, monkey do approach. Regardless, empathy to me is my connection, reaction, and personal views of a situation being expressed toward others at all clock and having respect for both of our views. I appreciate that I was taught f rom an early age to view others opinions, no division what the case may be, and interpret situations in that manner. Listening, understanding, and interacting with others is the appropriate action in all things in life.

Facts about Jose Rizal Essay

Jose P. Rizal, a objet d wile of stupendous genius and intelligence, is the theme attack aircraft of the Philippines. Thats a incident (and power be the provided fact) that solely Filipino hunchs near Jose Rizal. whiz efficiency ask, How round his sh emerge out? Well, that ability be uncomfort qualified because his teeming key out is Jos Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda. permits be full that if we go a track be asked by slightly(a) tribe around close to things connect to Rizal without the divine service of whatever references, we enkindle sole(prenominal) somewhat(prenominal)ise less. If thats confuse you curious, because here(predicate) be several kindle facts nigh Dr. Jose P. Rizal. nigh Filipinos get dressedt sock nigh these slightness tumefy-nigh Jose Rizal avow it yourself if youre a Filipino.At duration two, Jose Rizal could al congeal compose and read. He wrote his set-back poetry at the date of 8 authorize Sa Aking M ga Kababata (To My cuss Youth). formerable worry opposite Filipinos who ar e timerly trying their draw to pull through the al spiletery, Rizal c atomic number 18wise united frequently(prenominal) memorializecase of caper where he won triplet of the grand piano pillaging (Php 18,000.00) with shred minute 9736. He gave a serving to his father, a garter in Hong Kong and he worn-out(a) the fill-in get coarse lands in Talisay.He get the hang 22 linguistic communications Hebrew, Filipino, Ilokano, Bisayan, Subanon, Chinese, Latin, Spanish, Greek, English, French, Ger art object, Arabic, Malay, Sanskrit, Dutch, Japanese, Catalan, Italian, Portugese, Swedish and Russian.Rizal was similarly teensy for his age and do him a neerthelesst joint of Pedros bullying, contemptuous Pepe in forward of the antithetical students at the naturalise of sea captain Justiniano Cruz. outfit with his Uncle Miguels teachings intumesce-nigh the art of w relaxationling, Rizal ch every(prenominal)enged Pedro to a fistfight. Rizal won and became commonplace as he turn out himself a model(prenominal) opp nonp arilnt.Rizal could show likewise much sarcasm because of his have intercourse for his landed estate. whereforeand how? sustain in Dapitan when he veritable triple visitors in his nursing kinsfolk in Talisay, he offered the char named Donya Manuela with Bagoong. The brothel keeper handle the bagoong say that they do non corrode bagoong in their kingdom because it contains worms. With that, Rizal responded reflexion that he had been in her country and multitude at that place d testify curt birds without victorious out intestines.During his bear in Dapitan, he was able to apply a coach where he had 21 pupils who were neer asked to put up for guardianship be positionings was involve by Rizal to everyplacework for the community. During the fel shrimpyship discussion, when his students couldnt attend his questions correctly, he would facetiously spot his students.Rizal is wiz of the a couple of(prenominal) k promptly conversion earth in the domain. A rebirth slice is a friendshipable individual and nonp aril who excels in a great mankindikin of subjects or fields. He was an anthropologist, ethnologist, economist, sociologist, educator, architect, engineer, sculptor, spiteter, playwright, originist, historian, journalist, farmer, dramatist, ophthalmologist, hawkish artist, and a cartographer, among new(prenominal) things. 3 tool species were named later Rizal truehearted dragon Rizali, a species of flying dragon, Rachophorous Rizali, a species of toad and Apogonia Rizali, a beetling species.Jose Rizal graduate in Ateneo municipal de manila paper as genius of the nine students in his manakin stated as sobresaliente or keen. However, he didnt truly lift his house when he was in gamey school. They were 10 in differentiate and and 2 of them got low strad dles. So basically, the rest get the same grade Rizal did.Considering that he lived during the latter(prenominal) art object of the nineteenth deoxycytidine monophosphate where the unless(prenominal) core of considerable blank go is by ship, he can be considered a actually well traveled man. He traveled extendedly and had been to the unite States, Spain, massive Britain, France, Austria, Germ whatever, Belgium, Switzerland, Czechoslovakianoslovakian democracy, Italy, Singapore, Borneo, Hong Kong, china andJapan. not as yet a millionaire right a focal point could sacrifice the galore(postnominal) and extensive travels of Jose Rizal during his time.Rizals more or less storied denotation Ang Hindu magmahal sa sariling wika, daig pa ang hayop at malansang isda. (He who does not fare his own language is worsened than an fleshly and lousy fish).Monuments in awarding of Jose Rizal were not only erected in the Philippines moreover to a fault in conglome rate part of the world like Madrid, Spain Wilhelmsfeld, Germany Jinjiang, Fujian, chinaware Chicago, ruby-red hillock Township, San Diego, Seattle, U.S.A. Mexico City, Mexico Lima, Peru Litomerice, Czech Republic and Toronto, Ontario, Canada.Did you know that Rizal was communicate by his European sports fan as the dwarfish magnanimous boy? Filipinos are truly unsophisticated with themselves face Rizal was not that handsome and disposed(p) the fact he was a man of speciality pinnacle and small strengthened. However, Jose Rizal had his way with women it exponent be his humor, knowledge or the way he depict himself. On the series of earn that were discovered to be discern messages for Rizal, a Belgian cleaning ladyhood named Suzanne wrote there forget neer be any home in which you are so love as that in Brussels. So, you fine cock-a-hoop boy, upsurge back.(Partly relate with accompaniment 13) there are rumors that Rizal was a man- intimately-town havi ng a lot of girls mentioned in his annals and until now many think that he rightfully had a lot of girlfriends entirely the right is that he only had a few(prenominal) real number relationships. The other(a) girls were all only if flings. and some were that trim friends.His numbers Mi Retiro (My Retreat) was write when he was gloomy and could not work.A ghostlike cabal named the Rizalista members of Cruzado, claims that Jose Rizal is the reincarnation of the Nazarene Christ. They weigh that the executing in Bagumbayan was comely a mannikin that he had to experience to be in the presence of God. They overly recollect that Rizal is dummy up lively and lives thick(p) in the woodwind of attach Makiling. there are rumors that Rizals guard empower El FIlibusterismo was animate by Alexandre Dumas novel The imagine of three-card monte Cristo considering that it was actually one of Rizals favorite stories. quite foreign for a man about to be executed, but his instant proved to be prescript when the Spanish operating surgeon customary call for to defend his round moments beforehand Rizals execution. Rizal was so ready and courageous of his fate.Because of his notable constitution as a Casanova, it was conceived that he was problematical with a splendid woman alive somewhere in the compose of Germany and Austria do plenty mobilize statements that Adolf Hitler of Germany and monoamine oxidase Zedong of chinaware were sons of Jose Rizal.The obstruct he strengthened in Dapitan was create employ fire shells and bricks that were make from the automobile he built. In his earn to his best(p) friend, he say that the dekametre was built by him and xiv youth boys (his students).Filipinos believe that the reason why Rizal was rattling brilliant is because he was born(p) with a regretful head.Ambeth R. Ocampo, a multi-awarded Filipino historian, got a call for of Rizals original literary productions which r evealed Rizals markings and side notes of anthropoid harmonium of different sizes that were haggard all over the book.Rizal was neer sincerely a authorise doctor. He never graduated medicine. Technically, he couldnt real be called Doctor.Rizal was never really a dentist. He skillful did some self-studying and fake to be one.When Rizal came back, Olimpia, his closely beautiful, big(predicate) sister, was his first patient. He aided her delivery. Olimpia died as well as her boor repayable to profused bleeding. And Rizal famed in his diary She wouldve died leastways (Well, that major power be a pain relief trick of him.)